[New research issues in the history of German sexology and sexual medicine]. / Neue Forschungsfragen in der Geschichte der deutschsprachigen Sexualwissenschaft und Sexualmedizin.

New research questions in the history of German sexology and sexual medicine include a new look at the Imperial and the Weimar Republic periods and Magnus Hirschfeld as a protagonist, as well as the contemporary history of the discipline in the Federal Republic with the two formative institutes in Frankfurt (Volkmar Sigusch) and Hamburg (Eberhard Schorsch). In the post-war period, the tendency to try to solve social problems through endocrinological and surgical approaches continued. This included the (voluntary) castration of sex offenders, which has been regulated by law in the West Germany since 1969. Questions of gender identity do not only arise in the context of gender reassignment surgery. They also have high social relevance and have become increasingly politicized in recent years. These questions are also persistently relevant for urology and clinical sexual medicine.

Digital risk distribution and COVID-19: How contact tracing is promoted as a solution to equilibrate public health and economic prosperity during pandemics.

Digital contact tracing appears as an ideal solution to tackle long-term economic damage due to necessary lockdown measures during a pandemic. This essay shows that the challenge of balancing citizen's health and a functioning society is not just coming up today. Commercial centres were already in the Middle Ages worried about their economic prosperity and adopted isolation measures. Although there are much more data available today, pandemic preparedness remains constrained by temporal and spatial realities, thus limiting public health management to the national state. Based on the examples of China and Switzerland, we elaborate on how individual and collective needs can be balanced differently regarding the implementation of a digital contact tracing system. While China's Health Code App is close to social surveillance, Switzerland has turned away from Europe to develop its own Swiss solution due to disagreement about data protection. It becomes clear that the attempts to properly balance public health and economic prosperity during a pandemic must be constantly readjusted and cannot simply be delegated to a digital technology.

Citizen science beyond invited participation: nineteenth century amateur naturalists, epistemic autonomy, and big data approaches avant la lettre.

Dominant forms of contemporary big-data based digital citizen science do not question the institutional divide between qualified experts and lay-persons. In our paper, we turn to the historical case of a large-scale amateur project on biogeographical birdwatching in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to show that networked amateur research (that produces a large set of data) can operate in a more autonomous mode. This mode depends on certain cultural values, the constitution of specific knowledge objects, and the design of self-governed infrastructures. We conclude by arguing that the contemporary quest for autonomous citizen science is part of a broader discourse on the autonomy of scientific research in general. Just as the actors in our historical case positioned themselves against the elitism of gentlemen scientists, avant-garde groups of the twenty first century like biohackers and civic tech enthusiasts position themselves against the system of professional science-while "digital citizen science" remains to oscillate between claims for autonomy and realities of heteronomy, constantly reaffirming the classic lay-expert divide.